Osteoporosis is an age related condition characterized by low bone mass, with microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and increased fracture risk affecting people over 50 years, 80% being women.
Bones are made of calcium hydroxyapatite (mineral) and collagen (protein). Bones undergo a continuous physiological process of remodeling where they are dissolved (bone resorption) and remineralised according to the demand of the mineral calcium by the body. This process of remodeling is kept in a balance to maintain bone strength. Osteoporosis occurs when bone resorption outpaces bone formation. The bone cell osteoclast is responsible for bone dissolution whereas osteoblast is for mineral deposition. Decreased or a lack of gonadal (sex) hormones (decreased estrogen in menopause) increase osteoclatic activity, vigor and lifespan of mature osteoclast with resultant increase in bone resorption (dissolution). Also, in aging, there is progressive decrease in the supply of osteoblast in proportion to physiological demand reducing mineral bone mass. Steroids also inhibit osteoblast function and enhance osteoblast apoptosis (death) predisposing to osteoporosis.
Osteomalacia is another bone condition where the bones are soft as a result of reduced mineral composition in relation to organic matter (collagen) content; non calcification of bone from either lack of vitamin D or renal tubular dysfunction; more common in women than in men, osteomalacia often occurs during pregnancy. In osteoporosis, the bones are porous and brittle whereas in osteomalacia, the bones are soft. The mineral-to-collagen ratio in osteoporosis is within the reference range, whereas the proportion of mineral content is reduced relative to collagen content in osteomalacia.
Peak bone mass occurs at 35-40 years of age. Good nutrition and activity (bone use) can increase bone mass and strength preventing osteoporosis. After this peak, there is a gradual bone loss. This loss is associated with declining estrogen levels and low calcium intake.
SIGNS AND SYPTOMS
• No early warning signs; fracture often is first sign (usually hip fracture)
• Gradual height loss due to silent vertebral crush fractures
• Dorsal kyphosis (hunch back)
• Chronic back pain
• Hip fracture and its sequel
• Breathing problems
RISK FACTORS (mnemonic=OSTEOPOROSIS)
lOw calcium intake
Seizure medication/diuretics
Thin built
Ethanol (alcohol) /caffeine intake
hypOgonadism (decreased sex hormones)/premature menopause
Previous fracture
thyrOid excess- increased bone dissolution
Race (common in whites, Asians)
Other relatives with osteoporosis
Steroids
Inactivity
Smoking
Menopausal women are especially at risk of osteoporosis. Have an X-ray taken and your DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) checked by your physician. The DEXA score provides the patient’s T-score which is the Bone Mass Density (BMD) value compared with that of control subjects who are at their peak BMD.
PREVENTION
Life style modification - Identifying risk factor and managing it appropriately.
Adopting Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). It is believed to be most appropriate to start estrogen at the earliest sign of the menopause, since bone loss probably begins before the cessation of menses. Estrogen therapy must be continued through later life to maintain optimal bone density.
Sabtu, 27 Juli 2013
CERVICAL CANCER
It occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control.
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina.
Causes of Cervical Cancer
Most cervical cancer is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus( HPV).
You can get HPV by having sexual contact with someone who has it. There are many types of the HPV virus. Not all types of HPV cause cervical cancer. Some of them cause genital warts.
You can have HPV for years and not know it. It stays in your body and can lead to cervical cancer years later. This is why it is important for you to have regular Pap tests.
If you do pap test and see cell changes, it will be treated to prevent cervical cancer.
Symptoms
*Bleeding from the vagina that is not normal.
*Change in your menstrual cycle.
*Bleeding when something comes in contact with your cervix, such as during sex or when you put in a diaphragm.
*Pain during sex.
*Vaginal discharge that is tinged with blood.
Prevention of cervical cancer
*The Pap test is the best way to find cervical cell changes that can lead to cervical cancer. This may help prevent cervical cancer.
*If you are age 26 or younger, you can get the HPV vaccine in some places, which protects against two types of HPV that cause cervical cancer.
*The virus is also spread through sexual contact. So always practice safe sex.
How it is treated
*Surgery, such as a hysterectomy
*Chemotherapy.
*Radiation therapy.
If you have a hysterectomy, you won't be able to have children. But hysterectomy isn't always needed, especially when cancer is found very early.
BOYS CASUAL! SPRING STYLE~
Hii~ i want to share photos BOY CASUAL~
When spring comes~
EAT!
hangout~
Hangout
LOCATED in YK
When im Holiiday In YK!
i want to share my photos again~
i hope you can enjoyed ^^
LOCATED :
BETENG VEDEBURG
Yogyakarta
When im Playing with EMO~
Wachaa~
Haii guys~
i want to share my photos when im playing with EMO STYLE..
maybe in 2013,EMo style little more tacky.. im sory for Emolover ^^
ENJOYED!
YOU are what you WEAR
Minggu, 21 Juli 2013
With Coffee - Zia & Hanbyul
Han janye geopi-gateun nae mameuranayo
kodanhan tangshinye hyushik gateunkeol Love you baby
sarang-handan mallomaneun bujokha-get-jiman
jeo-geodo tangshineun nae jeonbuwinkeolyo
machi neon shireob-gachi tal-gomhan iptu-llo
nal yuhokhaneun makgiatto
han janye geopie ttaseuham kadeuk cha-eun -deushi
sarangeun nae mame peojyeo With Coffee
*
I love you han pyeonye shicheoreom
I love you han janye geopicheoreom
sujubeun jeo taldo kureum so-geuro
sumeobeorin i bam kkeu-teseo
byeo-ri deo binna-ge sarang-hallaeyo
joyong-han kkapeeseo du-ri majuanja
misoreul kadeung meo-geumko
sae-hayan hwiipinggeurim ko kkeu-te mudhimyeo
soksagi-deut sarangeul marha-get-jyo
machi neon shireob-gachi tal-gomhan iptu-llo
nal yuhokhaneun makgiatto
han janye geopie ttaseuham kadeuk cha-eun -deushi
sarangeun nae mame peojyeo With Coffee
*
I love you han pyeonye shicheoreom
I love you han janye geopicheoreom
sujubeun jeo taldo kureum so-geuro
sumeobeorin i bam kkeu-teseo
byeo-ri deo binna-ge sarang-hallaeyo
yeo-gi jinhan geopie hyanggiroun bom nae-yeum
sarangeun deohae deo tal-gomhaejyeoyo
han pyeonye shicheoreom han janye geopicheoreom
ttaseuhan sarangeun geojyeomankayo
*
I love you han pyeonye shicheoreom
I love you han janye geopicheoreom
sujubeun jeo taldo kureum so-geuro
sumeobeorin i bam kkeu-teseo
byeo-ri deo binna-ge sarang-hallaeyo
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